The working principles of scientific research reagents and industrial raw materials involve many aspects, including their chemical properties, reaction mechanisms, and specific roles in practical applications. The following are the working principles of several common scientific research reagents and industrial raw materials:
Scientific research reagents
Lysozyme: Lysozyme is a glycoside hydrolase that can hydrolyze the β-1,4 glycosidic bonds in the peptidoglycan, the main component of the bacterial cell wall, and thus has a lysolytic effect. In an environment with a pH of less than 8, its effect will be inhibited.
Glucose: Glucose increases the viscosity of the solution, maintains osmotic pressure, and prevents DNA from being degraded by mechanical shear force.
EDTA: EDTA can chelate metal ions such as Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺, inhibiting the degradation of DNA by deoxyribonucleases. At the same time, the presence of EDTA is conducive to the action of lysozyme because it requires a lower ionic strength environment.
NaOH-SDS solution: NaOH stabilizes nucleic acids in solutions with a pH greater than 5 and less than 9, but when pH>12 or pH<3, it will cause the dissociation of hydrogen bonds between double strands and denaturation. SDS is an ionic surfactant that can dissolve lipids and proteins on cell membranes, destroy cell membranes, and depolymerize nucleoproteins in cells.
3mol/L NaAc (pH4.8) solution: This solution is actually a buffer of NaAc-HAc, used to adjust the pH to 4.8. This pH value can renature denatured plasmid DNA and stabilize it, while also facilitating the coagulation and precipitation of denatured macromolecular chromosomal DNA, RNA, and SDS-protein complexes.
Guanidine isothiocyanate: This is a powerful protein denaturant that can quickly dissolve proteins, causing cell structure fragmentation. Guanidine isothiocyanate denatures proteins by breaking hydrogen bonds and destroying hydrophobic interactions.