The principles of instruments and overall solutions involve many aspects, including the working principle of the instrument, the structural composition, and the specific applications and advantages in practical applications. The following is a detailed explanation of the principles of some common instruments and their overall solutions:
Fully automatic biochemical analyzer
The fully automatic biochemical analyzer is a biochemical analysis instrument that automates the steps of sampling, adding reagents, mixing, heat preservation reaction, detection, result calculation and display, and cleaning. Its working principle is based on spectrophotometry, according to the Lambert-Beer law, that is, the relationship between the strength of a substance's absorption of a certain wavelength of light and the concentration of the absorbing substance and the thickness of its liquid layer. The structure of the fully automatic biochemical analyzer includes the main parts such as the light source, monochromator, colorimetric cell, detector, etc., and also includes special parts such as the sample addition system, cleaning system, temperature control system, and software system. It is mostly used for routine biochemistry, special protein and drug monitoring, and has functions such as diversified program selection, microcomputer control, free programming and statistical processing.
UV spectrometer
The working principle of UV spectrometer is based on the fact that when a molecule absorbs UV light of a specific wavelength, its valence electrons will jump from a low energy level to a high energy level, thus generating a UV absorption spectrum. This spectrum provides information about the different electronic structures in the molecule. In UV spectrometry, light is emitted from a light source, transmitted and modulated by a series of optical components, and finally reaches the substance to be measured and interacts with it. The quality, path and intensity of the light will directly affect the accuracy and resolution of the spectrum. Therefore, ensuring the stability and accuracy of light transmission is crucial to obtaining high-quality UV spectra.
Infrared absorption spectrometer
Infrared absorption spectrometer uses continuous absorption spectra generated by molecular vibration and rotation energy level transitions to analyze sample components. When molecules absorb the energy of infrared light, vibration and rotation energy level transitions with changes in dipole moment will occur, and this transition will cause changes in the spectrum. By recording these changes, the type and structure of the compound can be inferred.
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer uses the resonance phenomenon of atomic nuclei in a magnetic field to analyze the structure of substances. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy provides information about molecular structure and dynamics by measuring the signal intensity and position of atomic nuclei at specific frequencies. This method is widely used in organic chemistry and biochemistry research.
Mass spectrometer
Mass spectrometer ionizes substances and separates and detects them according to the movement behavior of different ions in electric and magnetic fields. Mass spectrometry is used to determine the molecular weight and structure of substances and is often used for component analysis of complex mixtures.
Gas chromatograph
Gas chromatograph uses the different distribution coefficients of different substances in the stationary phase and mobile phase to achieve separation and analysis of mixtures. It is widely used in qualitative and quantitative analysis of organic compounds.